I find this article entertaining:
Culture : Whatever the Purpose of Worry Beads, It's Not Worth Worrying About : In the Middle East, few people are without a strand to work between their fingers. No one really knows how they became so widespread.
October 30, 1990|NICK B. WILLIAMS Jr. | TIMES STAFF WRITER
AMMAN, Jordan — You could argue that men in the Middle East wear Western-style jackets so they can stash their beads in a nice loose pocket. A shirt pocket is a bit small, and a pants pocket is too tight, and you might have keys and coins in there as well. Traditional Arab gowns have slash pockets--not bad.
The point is not to worry about it. Worry beads won't help you there.
An informal survey of peddlers and users on the purpose of the addictive beads produced only one consistent reaction. The respondents all reached in their pockets to pull out a strand while pondering the question.
Like the Texan who wears nothing but his Stetson to bed, Arab and eastern Mediterranean men, and many women, are seldom without their worry beads. Greeks do it. Syrians do it. Bahrainis do it offshore. Even Iraqis do it. None of them are certain why, but they say it's not worry.
Mohammed, a cabdriver in Jordan's old Roman city of Jerash, said Muslims use the beads at prayer while repeating "religious words." But at other times, he added, "like you in the West might have a cigarette, we take the beads."
He was making an important distinction. What the Arabs call masbaha can be both prayer beads, similar to Christian rosaries, and worry beads--although in the latter use, the purpose is not to allay worry, they say.
Whatever. Most men can't get enough of them. The wealthy collect expensive sets made of ivory, amber and precious gems or metals. Iranian President Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani works a strand of light-green stones. The poor treasure what they can afford, often the fat, tan beads of olive wood. Women favor a smaller bead. Francoise Chipeaux, Le Monde's senior Middle East correspondent, carries a strand of filigreed silver, lentil-sized beads .
It's a matter of feel. "You want to feel the weight, hear a solid click when the beads touch," said Faisal al Afghani, whose family runs a shop in the old city of Amman. Amber is the classic choice, a smooth and weighty, smoky orange bead which, when rubbed, gives off a scent. The same substance, a fossil resin, is popular in Bedouin jewelry.
Hugh Harcourt, an Oregonian expatriate who taught in the Middle East for several decades, first at the American University of Beirut and later at the Palestinian Birzeit University on the West Bank, has a useful American slant on the worry beads. (He has three sets himself: small ones for travel, large ones for lazing about his village home in Cyprus, and a prized black-painted strand from Cairo.)
"They solve the John Kennedy problem--what to do with your hands," he explained. "You remember. He'd move them around a bit and finally thrust them into the pockets of his jacket."
Well, beads ease that problem, for one hand or both. Using the right hand, you lay the beads over the index finger and push them ahead with the thumb, one or two at a time, with the hand at your hip or thigh when standing or in your lap while seated. Then there's the popular two-handed, behind-the-back stance, working the beads one way and then the other.
The basic manipulations are done almost unconsciously, the beads clicking along while the man holds a conversation or simply sits watching a sunset. These are not worrisome moments. It's a pastime, a relaxing habit, a cigarette without tar or nicotine. "So far the surgeon general has not pronounced them carcinogenic," Harcourt noted happily.
There are a few variations in manipulation. For instance, a government official in Baghdad was able to chat with reporters while absent-mindedly performing no-lookie cat's cradles with his masbaha. In the Persian Gulf sheikdoms, where flash counts higher than tradition, young men in long white dishdashas flick unusually long strands--99 beads instead of the normal 33--like yo-yos. A couple of whirls around the index finger, then straight out, over, and out again.
"The Gulfies like those long ones," admitted Afghani, the merchant. "Now, here in Jordan only the women usually buy the 99-bead strands. You know why? Because at prayers they forget to count."
You get a lot of explanations for the number of beads on a strand--all religious. Most often cited is that 99 represents the number of ways to revere Allah, according the Koran. Others say that the name of God appears 99 times in the Islamic holy book.
But 99 is the key number--or its divisions at 33 or 66. In prayer, according to Afghani, Muslims repeat a litany using the beads as a counter. "We used to use our fingers, but this is easier," he said. Working round the 33-bead strand, the faithful repeat the ancient phrases: Praise be to God; How magnificent is God; God is the greatest-- Allahu Akbar . Three phrases for each bead; 99 in all.
In principle, it's not unlike a Roman Catholic reciting the rosary, or a Tibetan Buddhist repeating the mantra over a set of colored beads. Some authorities believe the prayer beads of the Middle East and Mediterranean came out of the Hindu culture, where they are still in use today. Encyclopedia Americana points out that Brahmins finger their beads with their hand in a bag, a variation that has yet to reach this part of the world.
The Arabs are not private about their beads, and they're inquisitive about others. "They always want to use the other fellow's," said Harcourt. "They'll take them right out of his hand."
In Greece, where the beads are called komboloi , they are already identified with the older generation. Whether young Arabs will continue the tradition is unknown. But if addictions are hereditary, the bead merchants and their customers will have their hands full.
Not to worry."
Just Fred
and in the '70s I was told that the 100th name of God "only the camel knows"...
Very interesting Floor!
I think that the stories about Faturan have to do with the lack of knowledge about very dense thermosetting material like phenolic resin. Since the native color of a lot of phenolics is a warm amber color, you can see how it was immediately attractive as an amber substitute. But, it clearly is harder than amber or typical plastics, and machines nicely and wears very well. Heat will change the color as Floor mentions - phenolic will continuously darken as it's heated until it becomes a very dark mahogany / brown. A lot of phenolic resin was dyed, and the dark red colored beads could be dyed as well as heated. Fillers could be added so the final material could be opaque and wood-like as well.
So, I surmise that people who did not understand phenolic resins made up stories about what it was made of, and due to the lovely amber colors, thought that it had to be related to, or made from, real amber.
As far as old vs. new phenolic resin - I have limited experience at this point, but the older beads seem to give a much stronger yellow test result with Simichrome than new beads. There is a degradation product that forms on the surface as the phenolic ages, and there is some reaction with the Simichrome that produces a mustard yellow color. At this point I don't know if the old phenolics had slightly different chemistry as well. This is something that is an ongoing research subject of mine and I'm currently reading old patents and technical papers to gain an understanding of the production of phenolic resins in the inter-war period. And I also need to figure out the darkening of the old phenolic pieces and what chemical substance is reacting with the Simichrome (also works with 409, but gives a weaker color).
The other complication in the Faturan / Bakelite / Phenolic bead biz is that I recently discovered that block, rods, and sheets of phenolic resin are being "mined" from old industrial dump sites in Germany (and probably elsewhere in Europe) and sold online. There are also people selling old stock that they probably got from defunct suppliers of industrial materials. So, it is also possible for newly machined beads to be made from "original faturan".
The chemical formulas of all phenolic resins are very similar, and I doubt it is possible to distinguish them after they are cured (still working on that though). The variations in appearance of the final product (beads) will be from the different color dyes added, as well as fillers that will turn the material opaque. Also, semi-translucent beads with swirls of clear resin or different colors were produced. As far as I can tell, phenolic resin factories would produce a large array of products, as they still do.
